Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time to reduce imbalances between energy demand and energy production. A device that stores energy is generally called an accumulator or battery. Energy comes in multiple forms including radiation, chemical, gravitational potential, electrical potential, electricity, elevated temperature, latent heat and kinetic. Energy storage involves converting energy from forms that are difficult to store to more conveniently or economically storable forms.

An EV (Electric Vehicle) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels, fuel cells or an electric generator to  convert fuel to electricity.

Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme (EVHS) consist in a goverment plan, where customers who are the registered keeper, lessee or have primary use of an eligible electric vehicle may receive a grant of up to 75% (capped at £500, inc VAT) from the total capital costs of the chargepoint and associated installation costs.

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are zero emissions vehicles that convert hydrogen stored on-board using a fuel cell to power an electric motor.

There are three main types of graphite: Flake, Vein, and Amorphous. Flake graphite is formed when carbon material is subjected to high pressure and high temperature. The carbon source material can be either organic or inorganic, although most commercially sourced flake graphite comes from organic deposits. The graphite is a key component in the lithium-ion batteries that electric and hybrid cars use, and it's also found in fuel cells. In fact, fuel cells require more flake graphite than lithium-ion batteries. Flake graphite is also used in vanadium-redox batteries and nuclear reactors.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidising agent into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes from metals and their ions or oxides that are commonly already present in the battery, except in flow batteries. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.

The name Gigafactory comes from the word Giga, the unit of measurement representing billions. A Gigafactory is a term coined by Tesla founder Elon Musk to describe his first high-volume plant for producing lithium-ion electric battery cells, deep in the Nevada desert.

Graphite is a grey crystalline allotropic form of carbon which occurs as a mineral in some rocks and can be made from coke. It is used as a solid lubricant, in pencils, and as a moderator in nuclear reactors. Graphite also often goes into batteries for electric vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries use graphite anodes because they cope well with the flow of lithium ions during charging and discharging. There are three main types of graphite: Flake, Vein, and Amorphous

Green ammonia is produced by ‎combining green hydrogen and nitrogen (from the air). Ammonia can be utilised as a hydrogen ‎carrier, providing advantages over transporting pure hydrogen.‎

Green hydrogen is made by using a process called electrolysis to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. If that process is powered by a renewable energy source, such as wind or solar power, then the hydrogen is referred to as being green. Green hydrogen is produced from the electrolysis of water, using renewable energy. It can be used ‎as a fuel and energy source in hard-to-decarbonise industries. 

Grey hydrogen is the most common form of hydrogen, it's created from fossil fuels and the process releases carbon dioxide which is not captured.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are powered by an internal combustion engine (running on petrol or diesel) but also have a battery-powered electric motor that serves to complement the conventional engine.

Local energy storage technologies for home use are the lesser known relatives of battery-based grid energy storage and support the concept of distributed generation. When paired with on-site generation, they can virtually eliminate blackouts in an off-the-grid lifestyle.

Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.  The 3 most common types of hydrogen are: 

1. Grey Hydrogen: The most common form of hydrogen, it's created from fossil fuels and the process releases carbon dioxide which is not captured.
2. Blue Hydrogen: Blue hydrogen uses the same process as grey, except this time the carbon is captured and stored.
3. Green Hydrogen: Green hydrogen is made by using a process called electrolysis to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. If that process is powered by a renewable energy source, such as wind or solar power, then the hydrogen is referred to as being green.
    

Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid. Storage of hydrogen as a gas typically requires high-pressure tanks. Storage of hydrogen as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures. Hydrogen can also be stored on the surfaces of solids, by adsorption, or within solids, by absorption.